Category: Voting and Elections

  • Missouri Must Use 2022 Congressional Map, per Supreme Court

    The Supreme Court on Friday stayed a district court injunction and an appeals court mandate and order that would have required Missouri to use a 2025 redrawn congressional map in the upcoming midterm election. Under the ruling, Missouri must use its 2022 map.

    The ruling ends the extraordinary year-long effort by the Missouri secretary of state to use a redrawn map that would favor Republicans–in violation of state law.

    The case started last fall, when the Missouri legislature redrew its congressional map to net Republicans one seat from the state. Opponents filed a petition in December 2025 to put the new map to a referendum. Under state law, if the petition signatures were valid, the petition would halt the new map, unless and until Missouri voters approved it in an election.

    The secretary of state took no action on the petition, however, and instead ran the state’s primary election using the new 2025 map. At the same time, he announced that the petition was invalid on the ground that redistricting is not subject to a referendum under state law.

    The state supreme court unanimously disagreed. The state supreme court ruled that redistricting is, indeed, subject to a referendum under state law. Moreover, it held that the 2025 map was never valid under state law (because of the petition), and it ordered the secretary of state to use the 2022 map in the upcoming general election.

    The secretary of state then asked the Supreme Court to stay the Missouri supreme court ruling, arguing that it violated the U.S. Constitution. (He claimed that using the 2025 map for the primary and the 2022 map for the general would violate equal protection and the method of election for members of the House.) Justice Kavanaugh denied the request.

    Soon after, a federal district court in Missouri ruled for the secretary of state and ordered the state to use the 2025 map in the general election. The Supreme Court stayed that order.

    Then the Eighth Circuit ordered the district court to enter a permanent injunction requiring the state to use the 2025 map.

    The Supreme Court on Friday stayed that order. The Court understated it: “Given this Court’s two prior orders in this litigation, our conclusion that this was error should come as no surprise.”

  • Supreme Court Stays District Court Ruling in Missouri Redistricting Saga

    The Supreme Court stayed the district court ruling that paved the way for Missouri to use its 2025 congressional map in the upcoming midterm elections.

    The Court ruling and other, related moves mean that Missouri will use its earlier 2022 congressional map, and not its redrawn 2025 map, which was designed to net Republicans one congressional seat in the state.

    The Supreme Court order, issued without noted dissent, is a rebuke to the Missouri secretary of state’s efforts to manipulate the state referendum process and state and federal courts. On that score, the Missouri Supreme Court yesterday held the secretary of state in contempt for directing local election officials to use an illegal map (the 2025 map). The court then ruled that he remedied the contempt by subsequently ordering officials to use the 2022 map.

  • Missouri Gerrymandering Case Goes (Again) to the Supreme Court

    After the district court ruled in favor of the secretary of state and issued a TRO, opponents of the state’s 2025 gerrymandered congressional map sought an emergency stay at the Eighth Circuit. The Eighth Circuit declined, writing that “we either lack jurisdiction over the appeal or, based on the briefing we have so far, the stay factors have not been met.”

    Opponents immediately sought a stay at the Supreme Court, going again to Justice Kavanaugh. The Court ordered responses by 10 a.m. on Thursday.

  • Federal Court Orders Gerrymandered Map in Missouri

    Soon after Justice Kavanaugh declined to stay a Missouri Supreme Court ruling that ordered the state to use its 2022 congressional map, a federal district court ordered the state to use its 2025 gerrymandered map. (Opponents of the 2025 gerrymandered map filed an emergency motion for a stay in the Eighth Circuit. No word yet from that court.) In response, the secretary of state announced that the state would comply with the federal district court and use its 2025 gerrymandered map. (The deadline for finalizing the ballot was yesterday.) And in response to that, the Missouri Supreme Court ordered the secretary of state to appear tomorrow for a contempt hearing.

    The federal district court ruling seems in tension, at least, with Justice Kavanaugh’s decision not to stay the Missouri Supreme Court ruling. If the Eighth Circuit and, ultimate, the Supreme Court think so, too, they’ll probably stay this district court ruling and reinstate the 2022 map for the general election.

    The district court held that the Missouri Supreme Court’s order to use the state’s earlier 2022 congressional map violated Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution and the Equal Protection Clause.

    As to Article I, Section 2, which says that the people elect House members every two years, the court held that primary elections are an integral part of general elections. And because the state used its 2025 gerrymandered map in the primary election, it had to use that same map in the general election. The court said it didn’t matter that the state’s use of the 2025 map in the primary election was illegal (as the state supreme court held), because voters voted in the primaries based on the 2025 map and “based on the parameters set by Missouri’s highest election authority, the Secretary of State.” (Pause for a moment to consider the implications of that holding. It would apparently allow the secretary of state to use any map they wanted in the primary (or potentially to take any other election-related measure), irrespective of its legality, and then force that map (or even that measure) on the electorate in the general.)

    As to equal protection, the court held that the state supreme court order would classify voters into two groups–“those who happen to stay in their [2025-map] congressional district, and those who do not.” The court held that “[s]witching maps now would deprive many Missourians of their equal vote in the primaries . . . .” (This theory could also have sweeping implications.)

    We expect the Eighth Circuit and Supreme Court to move quickly, though no word yet.

  • Missouri Must Use its 2022 Congressional Map in the Midterms

    Justice Kavanaugh today denied the Missouri secretary of state’s application for a stay of a state supreme court ruling that ordered the state to use its 2022 congressional map (and not its 2025 newly gerrymandered map) in the upcoming midterm elections.

    The upshot is that Missouri cannot use its 2025 newly gerrymandered map, which was designed to net Republicans one House seat in the state. Instead, it has to use its earlier 2022 map.

    The case started on September 12, 2025, when the state legislature enacted a new, aggressively gerrymandered map, “HB1,” as part of the mid-census redistricting wave set off by red states. Opponents of the measure quickly submitted a referendum petition to override HB1 to the secretary of state, who approved it for circulation. On December 9, two days before HB1 was set to take effect, organizers submitted over 300,000 signatures in opposition to HB1. Under state law, the secretary then had to determine whether the submission complied with state law and to issue a certificate of sufficiency or insufficiency by August 4, 2026.

    At 4:00 p.m. on August 4, just before the deadline and the same day the state used HB1 in the primaries, the secretary issued a certificate of insufficiency on the ground that “the Missouri Constitution does not authorize a referendum on congressional redistricting plans passed by the General Assembly.”

    One of the referendum’s supporters, Richard von Glahn, immediately sued, seeking reversal of the secretary’s certification decision and an injunction preventing the secretary from using HB1.

    The Missouri Supreme Court ruled for von Glahn. The court held that under the Missouri Constitution HB1 was never the law. According to the court, that’s because von Glahn filed a legal, sufficient, and timely referendum petition before HB1 was set to take effect. In such a circumstance, the state constitution provides that HB1 would not become law unless and until voters approved it.

    The state high court then ordered the state to use the earlier, 2022 congressional map in the upcoming midterm elections and to put the referendum on HB1 on the ballot.

    The secretary of state, through the state attorney general, sought a stay at the Supreme Court. They argued that the state had already used HB1 in the primaries, and that using the earlier map in the general election would violate the Elections Clause and deprive some voters of their right to vote.

    Justice Kavanaugh rejected their application. Notably, he rejected it without explanation and without referring it to the entire Court.

  • Supreme Court Rebuffs Challenge to FCC Lowest-Unit-Charge Notice

    The Supreme Court on Friday rebuffed a challenge to a Federal Communications Commission notice that allowed political parties coordinating with candidates to receive the lowest-unit-charge rate for political advertising through a broadcasting station.

    The ruling means that political parties that coordinate with candidates are entitled to favorable broadcast-advertising rates that were previously available only to candidates themselves. The ruling applies equally to both major parties, but because national Republican committees have a significant financial edge over national Democratic committees, the ruling will favor Republicans in midterm campaigning.

    The case arose in March 2026, when the FCC issued a notice expanding the entitlement to the LUC requirement from candidates to also include political parties coordinating with candidates. Four Democratic candidates for Congress filed an application for review with the FCC, arguing that only political candidates were entitled to the LUC. Two months later, when the FCC still hadn’t taken action, they filed a petition for review in the Fourth Circuit. The Fourth Circuit determined that it had jurisdiction, granted the petition, and set aside the notice.

    The Republican party committees then sought a stay at the Supreme Court, and on Friday the Court granted the stay.

    The Court ruled that the Fourth Circuit likely lacked jurisdiction, because the FCC hadn’t ruled on the candidates’ application when the Fourth Circuit ruled. The Court also said that the Republican committees would likely suffer irreparable harm without an injunction, because they’d have to pay more for advertising. The Court wrote that this “injury, which implicates their First Amendment rights to speak and coordinate their political activities freely, National Republican Senatorial Committee v. FEC, cannot be remedied after the fact through refunds or reimbursements.” (The Court ruled this summer in National Republican Senatorial Committee that FECA’s restriction on a political party’s spending on campaign activities in coordination with candidates violated free speech.)

    Justice Jackson wrote the lone dissent. She argued that the Fourth Circuit had jurisdiction under a constructive-denial theory–that the FCC’s delay amounted to a denial of the candidates’ application.

  • Whistleblower Details Problems with USPS Portal

    A whistleblower described the many problems with the USPS portal for states to upload voter information under USPS regs adopted pursuant to President Trump’s EO on mail-in voting.

    The disclosure comes as the Administration seeks a stay at the First Circuit of the district court’s temporary restraining order halting the new USPS regs. (The district court’s TRO expires on September 10. The district court is moving quickly to decide on a motion for a preliminary injunction.)

    We posted most recently here.

    The Supreme Court previously allowed implementation of President Trump’s EO to move forward, on the ground that state plaintiffs couldn’t then yet show how it would harm them.

    But state plaintiffs quickly refiled to challenge USPS’s actually implemented regulations. (USPS adopted the regs on a Friday before the Court ruled on the following Monday.) It’s this new case that’s now in the district court (considering a preliminary injunction) and at the First Circuit (on the Administration’s request for a stay of the TRO).

  • District Court Halt’s Trump Mail-In Ballot EO, Again

    The same federal district court that earlier enjoined the Trump Administration from enforcing President Trump’s EO on mail-in balloting again halted the Administration.

    The move came yesterday, after the Supreme Court stayed the district court’s original injunction and after the plaintiffs renewed their motions in light of the now-issued USPS regulations.

    The upshot is that the USPS is barred from enforcing its new regulations on mail-in voting. The government already appealed, however, and will almost certainly seek an emergency stay. Ultimately, the case seems destined to return to the Supreme Court, this time probably on the merits.

    Here’s the backstory:

    President Trump issued an executive order that, among other things, directed the Postal Service to issue regulations that specify the design of mail-in-ballot envelopes, require states to report eligible voters to USPS, and refuse to deliver ballots to individuals if the ballots don’t conform to the new design rules or if the individual isn’t on the state-provided list. (The EO also directed DHS to generate a list of eligible voters in each state and to provide that list to the states. That part of the EO isn’t directly at issue in the ruling and filings in the last couple days.)

    States and voting-rights organizations filed two separate lawsuits that landed before the same judge. The court issued preliminary injunctions in both cases, holding, in short, that the EO likely exceeded the President’s authority. (Under the Constitution’s Elections Clause, states, not the federal government, have responsibility in the first instance for running federal elections. If the federal government gets involved, as it can under the Elections Clause, the Constitution gives the authority to Congress, not the President. Because Congress hasn’t authorized anything like the provisions in President Trump’s EO, President Trump and the implementing agencies lack authority.)

    The First Circuit declined to stay the states’ injunction, but the Supreme Court on Monday granted a stay. The Court didn’t rule on the merits, though; instead, it ruled that the states likely lacked standing and that their claims likely weren’t ripe, because they couldn’t demonstrate how the not-yet-finalized USPS regulations would harm them. (The USPS did, in fact, finalize the regulations last Friday, three days before the Court ruled. But the Court assessed standing (and apparently ripeness) at the time of the states’ complaint, not at the time of its ruling.) The district court then lifted its injunction in the organizations’ case.

    In response to the Supreme Court ruling, the states filed a new lawsuit, and the organizations supplemented their complaint to allege cognizable harms and ripeness in light of the now-issued USPS regulations.

    The regulations require states to get USPS approval for their mail-in-ballot envelope design, then, upon approval, to load their voter data into a USPS portal. Under the regs, USPS won’t mail ballots sent in a non-conforming envelope, and it won’t mail ballots to individuals not on the state-uploaded list.

    But there’s no timeline for any of this, and there are a lot of opportunities for mistakes. And because jurisdictions have already printed their envelopes and will start mailing them out shortly, any delay by USPS or any ordered re-design will cost states time and money and interfere with their elections. The regs also create confusion for voting organizations (that seek to educate voters) and voters themselves.

    With those harms now in hand, the court late yesterday issued a temporary restraining order, halting USPS from enforcing its regulations. On the merits, the court said exactly what it said before: the states have authority to regulate federal elections unless preempted by Congress, and Congress hasn’t enacted legislation that authorizes USPS’s regulations.

    The Administration appealed, and will surely seek an emergency stay from the First Circuit and, in all likelihood, the Supreme Court.

    Stay tuned . . . .

  • Supreme Court Green-Lights Trump’s EO on Mail-In Ballots, for now

    The Supreme Court today stayed a lower-court ruling that halted implementation of President Trump’s executive order on mail-in voting.

    The ruling means that the Administration can move to implement the EO. This could have a significant impact on mail-in voting in the upcoming mid-term elections.

    But the ruling was limited to jurisdictional issues and the stay factors; it did not address the EO’s lawfulness. The ruling thus allows state-plaintiffs to sue again if and when the EO harms them. But that potentially raises a different jurisdictional problem: the Court has ruled that courts should not intervene in a way that alters election rules too close to an election, lest they create confusion. Given the timing, this principle–the Purcell principle–could limit the ability of states to sue the closer we come to the election, even if they suffer harm.

    (In a separate case brought by the League of Women Voters, the court earlier this month entered a preliminary halting USPS from initiating rule-making under the EO for the upcoming mid-terms. The Administration filed a motion to reconsider in light of the Supreme Court’s ruling today. The court hasn’t yet ruled.)

    President Trump’s EO comes in three parts. First, it requires the Department of Homeland Security to create a list of citizens over the age of 18 in each state and to send that list to the states. Next, it requires the Attorney General to prioritize prosecution of those who issue federal ballots to ineligible voters. Finally, it requires the Postal Service to initiate rule-making that would require outbound ballot envelopes to contain a unique barcode and not to deliver the ballots of anyone not enrolled by a state with USPS.

    A group of states and D.C. sued, and a district court entered final judgment prohibiting the Administration from implementing those portions of the EO.

    The Supreme Court today granted a stay. On the likelihood of success on the merits, the Court ruled that the states lacked standing, because they haven’t yet demonstrated a concrete and particularized, actual or imminent harm. It also held for similar reasons that the case wasn’t ripe for judicial review. It held that other stay factors also favored the government.

    Justice Sotomayor wrote a dissent, joined by Justice Kagan. Justice Jackson wrote her own dissent.

    It’s not clear what happens next. The Administration may not have time to implement and enforce the EO before the mid-terms. If it does, however, it’s not entirely clear what would happen, that is, how the Administration would actually implement it, including how many mistakes DHS’s list may contain. And if the states can demonstrate harm, it’s not clear whether they could sue to block Administration actions, given the Purcell principle.

    On the merits, the Constitution gives the states in the first instance–not the federal government, and certainly not the President alone–the authority to run and regulate federal elections. According to the lower court (and the law), the President has no legal authority to issue much of the EO. Still, the Court didn’t seem too concerned about overreach, at least not yet, because, according to the Court, the EO limited DHS, the Attorney General, and USPS to act only “[t]o the extent feasible and consistent with applicable law.”

  • District Court Halts Trump EO on Mail-In Voting

    Judge Indira Talwani (D. Mass.) issued a preliminary injunction halting the Postal Service from “implementing, giving effect to, or enforcing” a key portion of President Trump’s executive order on mail-in voting in the upcoming elections. The ruling means that the Postal Service can’t move forward with its regulations that specify the design of mail-in ballots and restrict mail-in voting to voters on a USPS-approved list.

    We previously covered the issue here. Recall that circuits split on standing and ripeness, and the Administration asked the Supreme Court to intervene. (The Court hasn’t yet ruled.)

    The Massachusetts district court previously ruled (in denying a portion of the Administration’s motion to dismiss) that the plaintiffs plausibly alleged that the EO violated the Constitution. Its analysis in the PI ruling was curt and direct:

    The court has already answered and will again resolve the question clearly and affirmatively. The executive branch has no authority to regulate elections. U.S. Const., art. I, sec. 4, cl. 1; id., art. II.

    The ruling deals a sharp blow to the Administration and its efforts to regulate mail-in voting. Even if the Supreme Court intervenes and rules for the Administration in its pending application, the Administration will now have to reckon with this ruling–most likely by seeking a separate stay. As the court says, though: the Administration’s merits arguments are (extraordinarily) weak, and the other PI factors lean (strongly) in the plaintiffs’ favor.